Abnormal Effect

  1. Types, characteristics, examples and sex differences – 
    Types: depression (unipolar) and mania (bipolar); causes and treatments for manic depression; sex differences in depression.
  2. Explanations of depression
    Biological: genetic and neurochemical; cognitive: Beck’s cognitive theory; learned
    helplessness/attributional style (Seligman, 1979).
  3. Treatments for depression – 
    Biological: chemical/drugs (MAO, SSRIs); electro-convulsive therapy. Cognitive restructuring (Beck, 1979); rational emotive therapy (Ellis, 1962).

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